Font Legal Protection for Child Victims of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Based Exploitation in Indonesia: Regulatory Challenges and Strengthening the Digital Legal System
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.38035/jlhr.v1i2.662Keywords:
legal protection, children, artificial intelligence, deepfake, digital exploitationAbstract
The development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology provides significant benefits to society, but also poses new threats to the protection of children's rights. One such threat is the exploitation of children's digital identities through deepfake technology, biometric data theft, and the manipulation of digital content without consent. This study aims to analyze the legal regulations in Indonesia regarding child protection from AI-based exploitation and formulate efforts to strengthen the digital legal system in the future. This study uses a normative legal research method with a statutory, conceptual, and comparative approach. The results indicate that existing regulations, such as the Child Protection Law, the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, and the Personal Data Protection Law, do not specifically regulate AI-based child exploitation. Therefore, legal reform is needed through the creation of adaptive regulations, strengthened oversight of digital platforms, and increased public digital literacy as a preventative measure. This research is expected to form the basis for developing legal policies that are responsive to developments in digital technology.
References
Ali, Z. (2021). Legal Research Methods. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika.
Asshiddiqie, J. (2010). Constitutional Law and the Pillars of Democracy. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika.
Hadjon, P. M. (1987). Legal Protection for Indonesian Citizens. Surabaya: Bina Ilmu.
Marzuki, P. M. (2021). Legal Research. Jakarta: Kencana.
Nonet, P., & Selznick, P. (1978). Law and Society in Transition: Toward Responsive Law. New York: Harper & Row.
Rahardjo, S. (2009). Law Enforcement: A Sociological Perspective. Yogyakarta: Genta Publishing.
Soekanto, S. (2014). Factors Affecting Law Enforcement. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers.
Sunggono, B. (2018). Legal Research Methodology. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada.
Cath, C. (2018). Governing Artificial Intelligence: Ethical, Legal and Technical Opportunities and Challenges. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 376(2133), 1-13.
Floridi, L., et al. (2018). AI4People: An Ethical Framework for a Good AI Society. Minds and Machines, 28(4), 689-707.
Fjeld, J., et al. (2020). Principled Artificial Intelligence: Mapping Consensus in Ethical and Rights-Based Approaches to Principles for AI. Berkman Klein Center Research Publication, 1-39.
Jobin, A., Ienca, M., & Vayena, E. (2019). The Global Landscape of AI Ethics Guidelines. Nature Machine Intelligence, 1(9), 389-399.
Pertiwi, A. B., Ali, H., & Sumantyo, F. D. S. (2022). Pengaruh persepsi harga dan kualitas pelayanan terhadap loyalitas pelanggan melalui kepuasan pelanggan pada e-commerce Shopee. Jurnal Ilmu Multidisplin, 1(2), 537-553.
Mittelstadt, B. D. (2019). Principles Alone Cannot Guarantee Ethical AI. Nature Machine Intelligence, 1(11), 501-507.
Whittaker, M., et al. (2018). AI Now Report 2018. New York: AI Now Institute.
Borenstein, J., & Howard, A. (2021). Emerging Challenges in AI and Child Protection. AI and Ethics, 1(3), 245-258.
Wijaksono, D., & Ali, H. (2019). Model repurchase intentions: analysis of brand awareness, perceived quality, brand association, and brand loyalty (case study private label on store Alfamidi In Tangerang). Saudi Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 4(5), 371-380.
Leavy, S. (2021). Gender Bias in Artificial Intelligence: The Need for Diversity and Gender Theory in Machine Learning. Proceedings of the ACM Conference, 14(2), 1-15.
Park, Y. J. (2022). Children’s Digital Rights in the Age of Artificial Intelligence. Information, Communication & Society, 25(7), 945-962.
Livingstone, S., & Third, A. (2021). Children and Young People’s Rights in the Digital Age. New Media & Society, 23(5), 1125-1143.
Gasser, U., & Almeida, V. (2023). A Layered Model for AI Governance. Science, 380(6641), 123-126.
Saputra, F., & Ali, H. (2021). The Impact of Indonesia’s Economic and Political Policy Regarding Participation in Various International Forums: G20 Forum (Literature Review of Financial Management). Journal of Accounting and Finance Management, 2(1), 40-51.
Kamarinou, D., Millard, C., & Singh, J. (2021). Machine Learning with Personal Data. Computer Law & Security Review, 41, 105531.
Setyadi, A., Ali, H., & Imaroh, T. S. (2017). Building brand image: Analysis of service quality and customer satisfaction. Saudi Journal of Business and Management Studies, 2(8), 770-777.
Maida, M. T., Riyanto, S., & Ali, H. (2017). Effect of Job Satisfaction and Leadership Style towards Employee Productivity at PT. Asuransi Umum Bumiputera Muda 1967. Saudi Journal of Business and, 2, 157-168.
UNICEF. (2020). Policy Guidance on AI for Children. New York: UNICEF.
UNICEF. (2021). The State of the World’s Children 2021: On My Mind. New York: UNICEF.
UNICEF. (2022). Child Rights Impact Assessment for AI Systems. New York: UNICEF.
UNESCO. (2021). Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. Paris: UNESCO.
OECD. (2019). OECD Principles on Artificial Intelligence. Paris: OECD Publishing.
World Economic Forum. (2023). Global Risks Report 2023. Geneva: WEF.
Internet Society. (2022). Artificial Intelligence and Children Online. Reston: Internet Society.
IEEE. (2019). Ethically Aligned Design. New York: IEEE.
World Health Organization. (2021). Ethics and Governance of Artificial Intelligence for Health. Geneva: WHO.
United Nations. (1989). Convention on the Rights of the Child.
The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.
Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection.
Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection.
Law Number 1 of 2024 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions.
Government Regulation Number 71 of 2019 concerning Electronic Systems and Transactions.
European Parliament. (2024). Artificial Intelligence Act.
European Commission. (2021). Proposal for Artificial Intelligence Act.
